Opinions vary as to whether or not this objective has succeeded. "Two Spirit" was not intended to be interchangeable with "LGBT Native American" or "Gay Indian" rather, it was created in English (and then translated into Ojibwe), to serve as a pan-Indian unifier, to be used for general audiences instead of the traditional terms in Indigenous languages for what are diverse, culturally-specific ceremonial and social roles, that can vary widely (if and when they exist at all). While this new term has not been universally accepted-it has been criticized as a term of erasure by traditional communities who already have their own terms for the people being grouped under this new term, and by those who reject what they call the "western" binary implications, such as implying that Natives believe these individuals are "both male and female" -it has generally received more acceptance and use than the anthropological term it replaced. The primary purpose of coining a new term was to encourage the replacement of the outdated and considered offensive, anthropological term, berdache. The term Two Spirit (original form chosen) was created in 1990 at the Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering in Winnipeg, and "specifically chosen to distinguish and distance Native American/First Nations people from non-Native peoples". “To tamper with the image of a folk hero, a historic formula, a legend, and most of all, that of the American cowboy heritage is probably more dangerous than the proverbial where ‘fools rush in,’” Westermeier writes.Two-spirit (also two spirit, 2S or, occasionally, twospirited) is a modern, pan-Indian, umbrella term used by some Indigenous North Americans to describe Native people in their communities who fulfill a traditional third-gender (or other gender-variant) ceremonial and social role in their cultures. “Of these … lechery is often alluded to but is the least detailed activity of his frenetic pleasures.” He notes the traditional cowboy had four failings: drinking, gambling, lechery and violence. While most would expect the cowboy’s lechery was pointed towards women, that wasn’t always true, but it also didn’t mean what it would mean today. “It’s important to know the history of homosexuality,” notes History Department Chairman Peter Boag from the University of Colorado at Boulder. People engaged in same sex activities weren’t seen as homosexuals.” “Society didn’t really designate people as homosexual or heterosexual through most of the 19th century it was not really until the 20th century that those identities crystallized.”īoag, who wrote the 2003 book Same Sex Affairs, explained to True West: “In all-men societies, it was not unusual for same sex relationships, and it was just an acceptable thing to do. That point is strongly supported in the article, “Paradise of Bachelors: The Social World of Men in Nineteenth-Century America.” It notes: “Without the presence of women, the always unstable line dividing the homosocial from the homosexual-that is, dividing non-sexual male bonding activities from sexual contact between men-became even more blurred. As traditional notions of ‘normal’ gender roles were challenged and unsettled, men could display both subtly and openly the erotic connections they felt for other men. (Heterosexual is an even newer word, which first appeared in print in 1924.) When the miners at Angel Camp in southern California held dances, half of the men danced the part of women, wearing patches over the crotches of their pants to signal their ‘feminine’ role.”īut nobody would have called them gay or even homosexual-a word that wasn’t even used until 1868. They may have been called punk, notes Patricia Nell Warren in a 1997 article in Quest magazine. “Punk-used today in men’s prisons to denote a young male sexual partner, was common in old-time ranch lingo because of sexual relationships among cowboys,” she writes.
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There was even a name for same-sex “marriages.” As “Paradise of Bachelors” notes: “Cowboys and miners settled into partnerships that other men recognized (and sometimes referred to) as ‘bachelor marriages.’”Īmerican Indians, meanwhile, openly recognized and had a name for men and women of an “alternative gender”-those who preferred to dress and work as the opposite sex.
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Anthropologists now use the term berdache.